1. A new broadband planar offset antenna is described based on the T-shaped microstrip feeding structure in this paper. This antenna is optimized by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) and genetic algorithms (GA). The results show the impedance bandwidth of this antenna is from 1.864 to 6.643 GHz for S₁₁ les -10 dB (VSWRles2), much higher than that of usual slot patch.
2. INTRODUCTION Today, microstrip (MS)-fed slot antenna is useful in many applications because of its numerous advantages such as low proflle, low cost, lightweight, easy fabrication, etc. It naturally becomes an excellent candidate for the increasing demands of broadband antennas in modern wireless communication systems.
3. Abstract:A cross-shaped microstripline-fed slot antenna of large bandwidth is described. The experimental bandwidth of the antenna is from 1.765 to 4.921 GHz, which is 98.59% for S/sub 11//spl les/-10 dB. The measured radiation pattern of the antenna is also presented.

Design Ideas for Printed and Microstrip Antennas

A broadband antenna capable of transmitting or receiving radio frequency signals. The antenna includes a substrate having a surface upon which a microstrip feed element is positioned orthogonal to the substrate, and a portion of the antenna element is positioned on and in direct contact with a portion of the microstrip feed element for transmitting or receiving signals therebetween. This article deals with the design of a broadband cavity‐backed microstrip‐fed wide‐slot antenna array for L‐band applications. For verification purpose, a sample 1 × 4‐element antenna array has been designed, manufactured and tested. Experimental results have shown satisfactory agreement with the simulation.

Note:

Many of the antennas presented below relate to areas in which a wide variety of patents have been granted.

It should not be assumed that because a technique or physical structure is described here it is free of patents or other commercial Intellectual Property.

They are presented here only for information and educational purposes.

-Ground Plane Effect on Printed Antennas

-Planar Antennas Selection Chart

-Basic Microstrip Antenna Shapes

-Basic Printed Slot Antennas with Feed Structures

-Comparison of Microstrip Patch and Slot Antennas

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Sujeet Kumar Yadav, Kirti Vyas, Sudarshan Kumar

Abstract- Here in this paper a compact microstrip antenna having wide-slots of hexagon shape is fed by microstrip-line for wideband and multi band operations is proposed and studied. The proposed antenna resonates the 10-dB bandwidth from 0 to 6.0 GHz, and these frequency bands cover the standard IEEE 802.11b/g (2.4-2.485 GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.15-5.35 GHz) for WLAN applications and 2.5

GHz (2.5-2.69 GHz), 3.5 GHz (3.3-3.8 GHz) and 5 GHz (5.25-5.85 GHz) for Wi -MAX applications. Detailed design and experimental

results are shown and discussed in this paper. The antenna is simulated using IE3D electromagnetic simulator. Here in this paper the improvement in multiband and wide band behavior is investigated & discussed with VSWR<2.

Index Terms- IE3D, Microstrip line, Microstrip Slot Antenna (MSA), Multiband, Resonant Frequency.

——————————  ——————————

I. INTRODUCTION

Microstrip patch antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and non planar surfaces, simple and less expensive in manufacturing using modern printed circuit technology. The main objective in the wireless communication system is the design of wideband or even multiband low profile and small antenna. One such antenna that meets these requirements is the slot Antenna [1]. There are numerous techniques such as shorting pins, introducing slots and fractal geometries that reduce the size of the patch antenna. Micro strip slot antennas (MSAs) have the advantages of being able to produce bidirectional and unidirectional radiation patterns with larger bandwidth and very low cross polarization (typically -35dB) as compared to microstrip patch antenna [2]. In, Microstrip slot antenna, the strip and slot combination offer an additional degree of freedom in the design of microstrip antennas. A microstrip slot antenna comprises a slot cut in the ground plane of the micro strip line such that the slot is perpendicular to the strip conductor of the microstrip line .The field of the microstrip line excite the slot. For efficient excitation of the slot the strip conductor is either short circuited through the dielectric substrate to the edge of the slot, as shown in figure (a) or the strip conductor is terminated in
an open circuited stub beyond the edge of the slot, as
shown in figure (b) [3].
Figure 1 (b). Figure 1 (a)

Centre- fed micro strip slot antenna configurations: (a) Micro strip terminated in a short circuited- stub (b) Micro strip terminated in an open circuited- stub

The regular MSA configurations, such as rectangular and
circular patches can be modified to rectangular and circular ring, respectively, to enhance the BW. The larger BW is because of a reduction in the quality factor Q of the
patch resonator, which is due to less energy stored

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beneath the patch and higher radiation. When a U-shaped slot is cut inside the rectangular patch, it gives a BW of approximately 40% for VSWR <2. Similar results are
obtained when a U-slot is cut inside a circular or a
28mm and the width is 38mm. The dimensions of the patch are calculated according the given formula as shown below.
triangular MSA [4]. But as the Antenna size reduces, its parameters such as gain, efficiency and polarization
deteriorates. This occurs due to the impedance

𝑊 =

𝑐

2𝑓0

2

�

𝜀𝑟 + 1

(1)

mismatching that occurs between the source and the

𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 =

(𝜀𝑟+1)

2

+ (𝜀𝑟−1)

2

(1 +

12ℎ

𝑤

)−� �2� (2)

antenna. Microstrip slot antennas have numerous promising features but they suffer from undesired modes

𝐿 = 𝑐

𝑒𝑓𝑓 2𝑓0� 𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓

(3)

𝑤

such as the parallel plate mode excited between the
ground planes of the strip line. One additional drawback

∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ

� 𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3�( ℎ + 0.264)

� 𝜀 − 0.258�(𝑤 + 0.8)

(4)

is it’s inherently bidirectional radiation which can be corrected by using a metallic cavity or a metallic reflector on one side. This antenna works on various frequencies between 0 GHz to 6 GHz, which includes the applications in WLAN, Satellite mobile communication & Wi-Max [5]- [6].

II. ANTENNA DESIGN

The proposed antenna is simulated and designed on the Glass-Epoxy/FR4 substrate. The relative dielectric constant of the FR4 is 4.4 and loss tangent is 0.02, although the loss tangent of the FR4 is high but it is less expensive and easily available. The dimension of the rectangular patch is calculated at the resonance frequency at 2.4 GHz. The length of the patch is

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2∆𝐿 (5)

c = Velocity of light in free space
f 0 =Operating resonant frequency
ɛr = Relative dielectric constant
ɛreff =Effective dielectric constant of the substrate
h= Height of the substrate w = Width of the substrate
The three structure of the patch antenna is designed. One
is simple rectangular patch of given dimension, another one with a rectangular patch with a single hexagonal slot
,the dimension of the hexagon is 10mm and the third
structure is rectangular patch with five hexagon slots, in which one hexagon has the same dimensions as in second structure and another four hexagons have dimensions of
10/3mm each. These four slots are symmetrically located
at the coordinates at (9, 12), (9,-12), (-9, 12) and (-9,-
12).The feeding techniques use in all the structures is the microstrip line feeding .The microstrip line has the dimensions of 3x10mm.In all the structures the microstrip
line is at the same distance from the radiating edge of the
patch antenna[7]. Structures of the proposed work are shown below.

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III. SIMULATION RESULTS & DISCUSSION
(a) (b)

(c)

Fig 2: Antenna Design (a) zero slot (b)

single slot (c) five slots

The third design of antenna is fabricated and tested the simulated results related to this design. The photo of fabricated antenna is shown below.

Fig 3: Microstrip path antenna having with hexagon slot With all these designs the resulted resonance frequencies are as listed below.

TABLE 1: Antenna designs and observed resonance

frequencies

The proposed antenna is simulated over Integral
Equation in 3 Dimension (IE3D) software as simulation tool. Characteristics of a hexagonal shape Microstrip patch antenna for wideband and multiband applications have been analyzed in term of various parameters like return loss, Total Field Gain, Directivity, Radiation pattern & VSWR etc. Multiband behavior is achieved at frequency of 2.4GHz, second band is at 3.7 GHz and third band is obtained at 5.3 GHz frequency for Microstrip antenna designed for 2.4 GHz with no slots[8]-[9]. Following are the various results obtained for the above mentioned design

[A] Return Loss curve:

Figure (4) (i) Return loss for antenna ‘a’

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Figure (4) (ii) Return loss for antenna ‘b’

Figure (4) (iii) Return loss for antenna ‘c’

[b] Comparison between simulated and measured result for antenna having five slots

Figure (5)

[c] Total Field gain vs. Frequency curve

Figure (6) (Total Field Gain vs. Frequency For zero, single and five slots)

Black curve ---- zero slot Violet curve --- single slot

Green curve --- Five slots

0

R

E -5

T -10

U -15

R

N -20

L -25

O -30

S

S -35

-40

FREQUENCY(GHz)

0 2 4 6 8

SIMULATED MESURED

[d] Total Field Directivity vs. Frequency curve:

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Figure (7)

(Total Field Directivity Vs Frequency For 0, 1 & 5

hexagonal slots)

[e] VSWR curve:

Figure (8) (i) VSWR for antenna ‘a’
Figure (8) (ii) VSWR for antenna ‘b’
Figure (8) (iii) VSWR for antenna ‘c’ [f] Radiation Pattern Curve:

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(3D Radiation pattern for zero slots at 5.39 GHz)

Figure (9) ( i)
Figure (9) ( ii)

(3D Radiation pattern for single slot at 4.26 GHz)

Figure (9) ( iii)

(3D Radiation pattern for iteration 2 at 5.32 GHz)

VI. CONCLUSION
In this work three structure of rectangular patch antenna is studied. Three structure of patch antenna with zero slot, single hexagon slot and five hexagon slots are simulated and the geometry with five slots is fabricated.
As the number of slots increased, the bandwidth is increased [10]-[11]-[12]. These antennas are used in IEEE
802.11 a, b, g, and Wi-Max applications [13]. In addition, the proposed antennas also have simplicity in structure, compact size and good radiation performances [14]-[15].
REFERENCES
[1] Constantine A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory-Analysis and Design”, John Villey & Son, INC, Third Edition 1995.
[2] Axelrod A.M Kisliuk, and JMaoz, “Broadband
Microstrip-Fed Slot Radiator”, Microwave Journal, June
1989, pp.81-94.
[3]Bahl, I., P.Bhartia, and R. Garg, Microstrip Antenna

Design Handbook, Artech House, 2001.

[4] Girish Kumar, K.P Ray, “Broadband Microstrip
Antennas”, Artech House, London. Edition 2003.
[5]Wi-MAXForum, http://www.wimaxforum.org/home/, last visited on May 10, 2014.
[6] Ritosa P. , T. Korosec, J. Tratnik, L. Naglic, and B. Batagelj,Adaptive Wi-MAX subscriber antenna for 2.6
GHz and 3.45 GHz,' EUROCON 2009, 46-51, St. Petersburg, Russia,May 2009.
[7] Ray, K. P., D. M. Suple and N. Kant, “Perturbed
Hexagonal Microstrip Antenna for Circular Polarization,”

IEEE, 978-1-4244-4819-7/09, 2009.

[8] Ghaderi, M.R., Mohajeri, F., “A Compact Hexagonal Wide-Slot Antenna with Microstrip-Fed Monopole for UWB Application”, Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE, Volume 10, June 2011, pp 682 – 685.
[9] H. Sabri and Z. Atlasbaf, “Two Novel Compact Triple- Band Microstrip Annular-Ring Slot Antenna For PCS-
1900and WLAN Applications”, Progress In

Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 5, 87–98, and 2008.

[10] Werner, D. H. and R. Mittra, Frontiers in

Electromagnetics, IEEE Press, New York, 2000.

[11] K. Nithisopa1, J. Nakasuwan1, N. Songthanapitak, N. Anantrasirichai, and T. Wakabayashi, “Design CPW
Fed Slot Antenna for Wideband Applications” PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 7, 2007, pp 1124-1127.

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Broadband Cross-shaped Microstrip-fed Slot Antenna Signal Booster

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[12] Y.Sung,”Bandwidth Enhancement of a Microstrip Line-Fed Printed Wide –Slot Antenna with a Parasitic Centre Patch”,IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation,Vol. 60,No. 4,April 2012,pp 1712-1716.
[13] W.S.Chen,B.Y Lee,P.Y Chang, “A compact microstrip- line- fed slot antenna with dual band notched for Wi-Max operation,' PIER, Vol. 16, 13-23, 2010.
[14] Mohammad A. Dorostkar, Mohammad T. Islam, and
Rezaul Azim, “design of a novel super wideband circular
hexagonal fractal antenna” Progress In Electromagnetics

Broadband Cross-shaped Microstrip-fed Slot Antenna Booster

Research, Vol. 139, 229-245, 2013

[15] C.J. Wang, S.W. Chang, “Studies on Dual-Band
Multi-Slot Antennas”, Progress in Electromagnetics

Broadband Cross-shaped Microstrip-fed Slot Antenna Tuner

Research, PIER 83, 293–306, 2008

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